Your coffee filters (?) are no better than the filters used when your oil was made. The filters at the lab were first used when the flower was blasted. The result from the blast gets mixed up with a whole bunch of alcohol, then frozen. The waxes separate from the oil, removed, and the oil is passed through another small vacuum beaker. That's all the filtering the oil gets. When it goes through the distillation process it's supposed to remove remaining impurities. If you're getting residue in your cartridge it could be one of two things: You have a yucky cartridge to begin with or you might have gotten the bottom of the distiller.
I've tried washing shatter. My results were a loss of almost everything, evaporating alcohol on a plate, and a coffee filter I might have been able to smoke. If you decide to go ahead, use food grade alcohol. Not isopropyl. If you're somewhat a regular at your dispensary, tell them you got a bum cartridge. Maybe this is tongue-in-cheek but any legitimate dispensary will be happy to take care of you.